UKRAINE (continued)
Greenhouse sector Biological products are used in the greenhouse sector. BTU-Center says one of its customers uses their Bacillus products in a greenhouse complex, comprising 46 hectares. As can be seen in Table 8, cabbage, cucumber and sweet peppers are key crops grown under protection, and tomatoes too. Harvested area under ‘greenhouse’ is published in other sources as 6,500 ha, but actual area could be higher at 8,000 ha, as our New AG International contributor Eugene Gerden mentions in his article below on the rebound on the greenhouse sector following the Covid pandemic. The area might be higher still. Plastic and glass greenhouses cover around 8,500 ha and tunnels a further 6,000 ha, according to an estimate in the 2015 OECD report Review of Agricultural Investment Policies of Ukraine. When looking at the data for greenhouses in Ukraine, the State statistical data is separated into enterprises and households. Enterprises will be businesses, or legal entities. In 2011 only 60 ha of greenhouse could be described as modern, according to Prospects for Ukraine’s agrifood sector – implications for Dutch Trade Relations, a Wageningen report (Ref 9). As mentioned in the Farm Structure section, the ‘household’ category accounted for nearly half of gross agricultural output a decade ago (Ref 9). This probably explains the challenges for the greenhouse sector in Ukraine as expressed in the December 2015 Wageningen report (Ref 13): “The largest challenge faced by greenhouse growers is energy inefficiency as energy costs may comprise as much as 60 percent of expenditures from greenhouses. In order to satisfy the huge domestic demand for cucumbers and tomatoes, investment in energy-efficient technologies would be needed.” Policy issues have also been a problem. Speaking at the Dutch-Ukrainian Greenhouse Industry Forum in 2017, Yevhen Chernyshenko, president of the association Greenhouses of Ukraine, said “…From a financial perspective in 2016 the producers ended up with the minimum indices. There are different reasons: cancellation of special VAT regime, investment issues, slow growth of prices for vegetable products. In order to be more effective, now we are relying on alternative energy resources and adoption of the advanced technologies, but they can be obtained by means of investment programs.”
Tomato production The volume of tomatoes grown under protection is given by SSSU as 215,000 t in 2019, compared to around two million t grown in open field conditions. The protected area for tomatoes is 2,400 ha, so around 30 percent of greenhouse area is dedicated to tomatoes. Of the 2,400 ha, around 148 ha is contributed by enterprises (with yields of around 293 t/ha) and the remaining 2,236 ha would be described as household with much lower yields 77 t/ha. By way of comparison, using a Dutch greenhouse as a benchmark (Ref 20), typical yield would be 50-60 kg/m2, this is around 500-600 t/ha. Therefore, as would be expected, the enterprises in Ukraine have higher yield compared to the households, but some way below the benchmark. Production in recent years has been supplemented with imports: 84,000 t of imports in 2020. These would tend to come from Turkey. But also reportedly some have started to arrive from Uzbekistan. Ukraine also exported some volumes in 2020 – around 9,800 t. When production in 2020 was still around 2.25 million t, the imports suggest an increase in domestic consumption, or an increase in domestic processing. Around 340 ha of greenhouses were dedicated to cabbage production.
The Ukrainian market of greenhouse vegetables is steadily recovering from the pandemic and its consequences, which is reflected by the ever-growing demand for greenhouse crops and the resumption of many investment projects, many of which were suspended last year due to the pandemic.
According to the latest data from the Ministry of Economic Development, Trade and Agriculture of Ukraine, at present domestic production of greenhouse crops meets only 20 percent of domestic needs (and 50 percent at the peak of the season), with the remaining volume being imported from abroad. Among the major importers are Belarus (cucumbers) and Turkey (tomato). That means the industry has big potential for further growth. According to earlier forecasts made by Pro-Consulting, one of Ukraine's leading analyst agencies in the field of agriculture, the consumption of greenhouse crops in Ukraine may grow by three times within the next five years. In terms of structure of the market, cucumbers and tomatoes account for the majority of crops grown in Ukrainian greenhouses, with the share of 50 percent and 44 percent of the market, respectively. Among other crops are also salads, various greens and others (six percent of the market). As the Ukrainian economy recovers from the crisis, revenues of Ukrainian greenhouse businesses are growing. Since the beginning of 2021, prices for greenhouse crops in Ukraine have increased by an average of 10 percent compared to the same period last year, while the growth is currently ongoing.
Sergey Kostyuk, a former director of the SOTECO greenhouse complex, one of Ukraine's largest greenhouse complexes located in the Lviv region, said in recent years growing of greenhouse crops has attracted an interest from business. According to Kostyuk, that could be mainly explained by the ever-growing consumer demand for fresh vegetables and fruits all year round, as customers are willing to pay more for them than for seasonal vegetables. The peak of development of greenhouse business in Ukraine was observed from 2004 to 2010, when the majority of large-scale greenhouse complexes were built. However, the 2013 economic crisis in Ukraine led to a significant decline of profitability of local greenhouse business. Currently the lack of state support remains one of the major problems of the Ukrainian greenhouse business, which is a disincentive to building more large-scale greenhouse complexes. According to Kostyuk, at present the level of state support of the greenhouse sector in Ukraine is probably the lowest among the other countries of the former Soviet Union.
At present, the area under glass greenhouse in Ukraine is estimated at 280 ha, and 8,000 ha under plastic greenhouses, while, according to analysts’ predictions, will further grow in years to come.
Most of the existing greenhouse farms in Ukraine, however, are in acute need of modernization, due to the use of outdated technologies in its production processes, which makes it difficult to compete with foreign vegetable producers. ●
Precision Agriculture
Precision agriculture is gaining momentum in Ukraine. There are the large, flat fields – perfect for drone inspection. There are gains to be made on yields as highlighted in an earlier section, and the use of technology could help to bridge the gap. The use of technology could also benefit other sectors, such as greenhouse (see academic contribution). There are an estimated 70 agri-tech start-ups at various stages of development, according to the National Investment Council of Ukraine in 2018. As can be seen from Table 9 there are a number of software companies reflecting Ukraine’s growth in IT services (Ref 19).
One company that raised funds in 2016 was Agrieye, which specializes in drone-based soil and vegetation sensing. Based in Odessa, the company raised USD$150,000 from Katapult Accelerator, Maja Equity, Starta Ventures and additional funds in 2017. Its aerial images are stored in a digital cloud for users to access. Located in Vinnytsia, Agro Monitor is an analytical software provider, part of Microsoft Ukraine. Another company, known as Studio of Agricultural Systems, has created a video-game visualization for a platform that links to actual tractors and field data.
Fertilizer usage Ukraine is a large producer of mineral fertilizers. So much so, that the Yuzhnyy/Black Sea urea price is seen as one of the global benchmarks for urea, and also for ammonia. The port of Yuzhnyy is close to Odessa port, located on the Black Sea (see map). Exported urea tends to move westwards and not go through Suez and eastwards. The ammonia would move to fertilizer production in Turkey, and to North African phosphate producers. Nitrogen related products dominate production by the companies of Ostchem (see below). Nitrate products in particular, such as calcium ammonium nitrate and ammonium nitrate. There is also ammonium sulphate produced via two routes – the production of steel in the country and via caprolactam production, such as PJSC Azot (see Cherkasy below). In the last decade, with Ukraine’s increased agricultural output, it is little surprise to see the fertilizer consumption numbers increase, as shown in Table 10. The table shows a doubling in volume in a decade, roughly from one million nutrient tonnes to two million nutrient tonnes. The area receiving fertilizer has increased to 16.5 million ha by 2017, representing around 89 percent of harvested area for 2017. However, looking at FAOSTAT data, Ukraine’s application of fertilizer, measured as kg of nutrients per ha, is relatively low compared to other major agricultural producers. In Europe, for example, Germany would be at around 200 kg of nutrients per ha (2015 FAO) while Ukraine was at 45 kg of nutrients per ha. So, it would appear there is still room for growth in the domestic market.
One source (Ref 1) offered the following reasons for lower fertilizer usage (and also pesticide): the inability to buy agricultural land and therefore a reluctance to invest in land productivity above the minimum requirement, and limited
access to capital. As discussed in an earlier section, land reform is coming down the track and this might counter this point about a reluctance to invest in land productivity.
Regions with the highest fertilizer application rates are Vinnytsya, Volyn, Lviv, Ternopil and Chernihiv. The large consuming regions by volume are not always the ones with the highest application rates. Vinnytsya and Chernihiv are in this case, but the largest consumers are Odessa, Poltava and Kharkiv (by total nutrient consumption).
Fertilizer companies In terms of the industry players, mineral fertilizer production is dominated by one company, Ostchem, part of Group DF, owned by the Ukrainian businessman Dmitry Firtash. Ostchem was formed in 2010, and under its umbrella includes the major nitrogen producers. The company’s website lists total production volume of finished products at nearly 13 million t per year. PJSC Stirol is the oldest plant in Ukraine’s chemical industry, according to the company website. Founded in 1933, Stirol is a major urea and ammonia producer and the only polystyrene manufacturer in Ukraine. PJSC Azot, often simply referred to as Cherkasy owing to its location in Cherkasy on the banks of the Dnieper River, this manufacturer producers almost one million t of ammonium nitrate (mainly for agricultural use), and nearly 900,000 t/y of prilled urea. The company also produces 500,000 t of liquid UAN, 153,000 t of crystalline ammonium sulphate and 60,000 t of liquid caprolactam. Rivne Azot is the leading calcium ammonium nitrate producer in Ukraine. PJSC Severodonetsk Azot is a large ammonia, ammonium nitrate and urea producer. Not part of Ostchem is Biofert, an importer of mineral fertilizers, who partners with Lebosol, TIB Chemicals and Germany’s potash producer K+S. There are a couple of large producers of NPK in Ukraine. In the Ostchem group, Rivne produces small quantities. Outside of the Ostchem group, there is Sumykhimprom (usually referred to as Sumy). Sumy is by far the largest NPK producer in the country with an annual complex NPK capacity of around 600,000 t/y, and capacity of single superphosphate of around 200,000 t/y. A smaller producer is Dneprovskiy Plant of Chemical Fertilizers (DZMU). The company produces triple 16, and a range of standard NPKs, as well as NP and NPS. ●
From an agri-inputs perspective, Ukraine remains a strong market for growth. The academic contributions attest to the usage of biologicals and their development in the Ukrainian agricultural sector. There are also opportunities in the greenhouse and irrigation sectors. The wider political environment remains an issue. Despite a pivot towards the markets of the European Union, it is conceivable that over a longer period (5-10 years), Ukraine’s leaders might re-establish a trading relationship with Russia, while maintaining a political distance. Despite the reduction in trade with Russia in recent years, trade does continue.
There is also the spectre of the Nordstream II pipeline, which will likely reduce the volume of natural gas transiting Ukraine from Russia to European markets, and the accompanying revenue that came with it. These geopolitical factors will have an impact on agriculture in the sense that lost government will have to be recouped elsewhere – and the thriving agricultural export sector is the obvious place to turn to. But drawing together the various elements of analysis in this report, what can we summarize as our long-term view for Ukrainian agriculture in relation to hi-tech agriculture?
The trend of large agricultural exports is likely to continue, dominated by the EU markets but also fruit and vegetables to nearby markets, such as Turkey. The use of biofertilizer inoculants is now established, with biostimulants and biocontrol close behind. There are a number of companies with research facilities; and with large fruit production, Ukraine offers a chance for greater adoption of biologicals. Products that can narrow the yield gap with major field crops will probably be well received in the Ukrainian market, as well as effective irrigation and fertilizer – maybe in the slow/controlled release fertilizer sector. Greenhouse investment is also on the rise, which could benefit suppliers of specialty fertilizers. When combined with precision agriculture, perhaps an ambitious target for grain production could be achieved. Maybe not the 100 million t of grain production mentioned at the start of the report, but something towards it and with a far lower level of inputs with high levels of soil management. With its strong scientific base, Ukraine could yet become a leader in this regard. Overall, the country offers much to be positive about from an agricultural point of view, but there are still some question marks over other aspects of the economy. ●
Academic contributions
Vadim Ivanina, Doctor in Agricultural Sciences (Dr.hab), Associate Professor, Head of the Department of Agrochemistry of the Institute of Bioenergy Crops and Sugar Beets NAAS of Ukraine
During 30 years of independence, the land continues to be concentrated in the hands of large agricultural holdings, which creates a number of problems for providing sustainable and environmentally safe land use. Agricultural production is concentrated on the cultivation of five crops (winter wheat, corn, sunflower, soybeans, rapeseed), disrupted crop rotation; perennial legumes are not grown because the livestock sector is small and the need for feed is insignificant. The share of biologicals in Ukrainian agricultural production, according to experts, varies between four and eight percent, which is twice less than global trends. This segment of the economy needs to be developed, and the share of organic products needs to be increased. It is necessary to follow the European strategy, which envisages 25 percent of organic food production by 2030. For Ukraine, this direction should become a priority in the coming decades. Other arguments are those that the revival of animal husbandry remains questionable, manure production is 0.5-0.6 t/ha of arable land, which increases soil degradation, soils lose fertility, environmental problems grow, environmental pollution by fertilizers and pesticides increases due to leaching and erosion. These problems are exacerbated with climate change, increasing its aridity and the intensity of precipitation. Soil as an ecological niche requires artificial regulation of soil biota and wider use of biological plant protection products that will reduce the chemical load on soil and risks of chemical pollution of environment. The policy of the next decade should be aimed at the development and support of farming, the revival of animal husbandry, the promotion of organic food production and the expansion of the market for biological products. Farmers must have access to cheap loans and subsidies from the state. In Ukraine, it is necessary to develop the processing industry and move away from the raw material model of agricultural production.
Svitlana Korsun, Doctor in Agricultural Sciences (Dr.hab), Head of the Institute of Applied Biotechnology, BTU-Center Group of Companies
There exist exaggerations on the Ukrainian agricultural market. First of all, decline of livestock, lagging in automation and robotization of technological processes comparing to mature economies, flawed investment policy. But Ukraine has not so long ago left the Soviet Union and is completely changing its social structure. This requires radical changes in the consciousness of society and corresponding changes in legislation. That is, the problems of Ukraine's agriculture are a historically grounded conflict of the transition period in which Ukraine now lives. We will overcome it. Use of organic and mineral fertilizers, plants protection products are usual components of agricultural cultivation technologies. These measures ensure the harvest. But the narrowing of crop rotations leads to the accumulation of toxins and pathogens in the soil. In this situation, biological products of microbial origin help a lot. Today, integrated technologies are widely used in Ukraine, when they use biological preparations together with chemicals. Today, producers of biologicals propose to Ukrainian farmers high-quality products that revitalize the soil, increase the amount of available nutrients in the soil, improve the quality of seed, increase the stress resistance of plants, and protect plants from diseases and pests. A new promising area is the production of fertilizers that combine mineral and bacterial components. The general trend in the world is the intensification of agriculture through the introduction of information technology. I want to see high-tech agriculture in Ukraine. Large holdings are already developing in this direction. It remains important to promote the development of farms.
Mrs Tonkha Oksana, Doctor in Agricultural Sciences (Dr.hab), Professor, Head of the Agrobiology Department at the National University of Bioresources of Ukraine
The most serious problems for Ukrainian agriculture are high level of land degradation (water and wind soil erosion, about 57 percent of the territory), flooding of lands (12 percent), acidification (18 percent) and salinization (6 percent). Moreover, 20 percent of lands are polluted. We have a significant technological load on soil, lack of fertility control, non-compliance with crop rotations, insufficient application of organic fertilizers, and weak development of market-oriented mechanisms aimed at preserving and reproducing soil fertility. Ukrainians also face climate aridity and unstable yields. Insufficient functional support of the state monitoring system, weak development of drought monitoring systems and hydrometeorological observation network are also problems.
Medium and small producers can’t provide an irrigation system. Obtaining safe agricultural products without pesticides, mycotoxins, GMOs and its storage (insufficient number of elevators with controlled conditions), weak development of the processing industry are a problem, as well. Moreover, the level of organic production is very low. Agricultural policy should be aimed at stimulating the preservation and reproduction of soil fertility. The state’s task is to direct agricultural producers to obtain safe agricultural products and to develop organic production.
Olena Starchenko, PhD in Biological Sciences, Head of Soil Microbiology Laboratory in the National Scientific Center «Institute for Soil Science and Agrochemistry Research on behalf of O.N. Sokolovsky»
Undoubtedly, the launch of a land market is crucial. But it requires significant modifications regarding the soil protection issues. As for now there are no clear definition of the legislative mechanisms and legal liability in case of violations by the landowners. Legislative support for the biosecurity system which should reduce or prevent potential risks associated with the use of biotechnology, their products and other bioagents is indispensable. This means the use of GMOs and their components, import and export of strains of microorganisms, etc. Biologicals are widespread in Ukrainian agriculture. Of special interest are biodestructors of plant residues, growth-promoting and nitrogen-fixing preparations. Biopesticides have become widely used in integrated plant protection systems. The market of organic products of plant and animal origin has significantly intensified these processes. Therefore, among the priority tasks of the modern strategy of creating biologicals are: • increase of economic effect due to combination with other innovative technologies (for example, drip irrigation tape); • expansion of antipathogenic action on a wider range of pathogens of fungal, bacterial and viral diseases, development of mycorrhizal biological products; • development of biosafety in the technology of use (today there is a growing interest of farms in independent development of soluble preparations from humus, so it is especially important to determine the presence of free proteins, carbohydrates, vitamins, which can be a good nutrient substrate for pathogenic microflora); • the use of protective biological products with additional properties of probiotics, which will contribute not only to protection but also to the improvement of the biological value of plant products; • the ability of bioagents not only to suppress pathogenic microflora, but also to survive in stressful agro-climatic conditions. According to scientists from different countries, the effects of global warming in the regions with the sowing of cereals will lead to an increase in the share of dry summers to 80 percent. Under such conditions, there will be a change in dominant crops and varieties in crop production, as well as a change in populations of existing traditional species of phytopathogens. Therefore, the construction of varieties of agricultural crops should be carried out in conjunction with biological products and take into account changes in agro-climatic conditions with global warming. There is desire to see policy aimed at the development and support of farms, where the set of crops and sown areas is determined by their high margins and, in general, in line with the general agricultural policy of the country, and the developed structure of advisory centres supported scientifically and technologically.
Mykola Tkachenko, Doctor in Agricultural Sciences (Dr.hab), Head of the Department of Agrosoil Science and Soil Microbiology, Deputy Director of NSC "Institute of Agriculture NAAS"
The modern model of agricultural production in Ukraine is unable to fully realize the powerful natural resource potential. The reasons are: • corrupt expropriation of the technical base of kolkhoz [cooperative farms] and low financial literacy of people in rural areas; • high percentage of plowed lands and low forest cover lead to irrational use of soil resources; this causes degradation of watercourses and impedes to combat climate change; • imbalance between crop production and animal husbandry, a significant predominance of cultivating certain types of agricultural products; • lack of investment funds, difficult access to bank loans, low level of state support for small farms; • chemicalization of agriculture necessitates development and intensification of organic farming.
The Ukrainian market is quite saturated with biologicals and it isn’t protected from counterfeits. Therefore, the manufacturer must carefully ensure the biological product passes the examination in Ukraine and is recommended for use. Technologies for creating sustainable agrocenoses [also called agroecosystem] by replacing chemicals with biologicals in order to saturate the soil and plant surface with beneficial microorganisms can take us to completely new heights in terms of yield and profitability.
Ukraine has all the prerequisites to reach the level of world leaders in agricultural production in the near future. Sustainable development of rural areas should be understood not only from the standpoint of production of food resources for export, but also taking into account the need to ensure quality of life for people living there. It is extremely important to create conditions for the development of domestic animal husbandry. Real support for organic farmers should be launched, as well. The policy of state incentives should primarily be aimed at small farms. At the same time the key goal is to unleash human potential through qualitative educational programs and funding scientific research centres.
Q. Can you give us an overview of the biostimulant market in Ukraine? A. Ukraine is a country with almost 33 million hectares of arable land, including all kind of agriculture produce. Until last year, since independence in 1991, farmers had no right to buy lands, thus the investments in high margin sectors, like greenhouses and irrigation, was limited. That led to the current crop choice in Ukraine: sunflower, corn, wheat, rapeseed, barley and soya. Almost half of the produce is exported; this means farmers can forecast the prices and secure their revenues. The market of special crop nutrition, including biostimulants, is developing. According to our estimations, about 30 percent of arable land is not using these kinds of products at all, and only a small part of surfaces are treated with a full technology. Thus, the market value is estimated at around USD$90 million per year, from which about 60 percent is imported and another 40 percent is for local production. Approximately 20 percent of all value goes to biostimulants, mostly with amino acids and humic acids solutions. As the climatic stress is growing, several companies are investing in biostimulants registrations and focusing also on arable crops.
Q. Tradecorp has been in the Ukrainian market for five years now: what products does it sell? What is the strategy for the next five years? A. Tradecorp is a global benchmark in the biostimulation and sustainable crop nutrition sector, developing and manufacturing premier and innovative solutions that are marketed in over 60 countries worldwide. Tradecorp provides a comprehensive premium portfolio of
products globally adapted to local agronomic conditions and includes solutions such as biostimulants, chelates and precision foliar fertilizers. Tradecorp has been present in Ukraine through its partners for more than five years. In our portfolio we have products for different crops and needs: biostimulants based on seaweeds (Ascophyllum nodosum pure extract), amino acids and humic acids (Humistar), but also special foliar nutrition and SDP adjuvants. As part of Rovensa group, Tradecorp is investing in a complete portfolio covering all the needs for the future challenges of Ukranian agriculture.
Q. How do you think the land reform changes will impact farming in Ukraine? A. Recent trends are showing that climate change and new agricultural practices imply challenges for producers. Among them is how to keep the plant strong and healthy to produce higher yields. For this reason, Tradecorp is adapting its global strategy to this need. The Ukrainian market is saturated with players, but it has a big potential in technological growth in the future thanks to land reform and more investments in agribusiness.
Ukraine’s climate is temperate continental – warm summers and cold winters with snow. Temperatures in the capital city Kyiv average around 9 C, moving above 20 C in the peak summer months and below zero C in the middle of winter. Odessa to the south and on the Black Sea would average around 12 C through the year, reaching 25 C in the summer months. Rainfall tends to be highest in the west and central part of the country, lower in the south and east.
Across the country, the average annual precipitation is approximately 600 mm (24 inches). Kyiv has around 670 mm annually. In Odessa rainfall is around 440 mm. Lviv in the far west of the country has 850 mm of rain on average (Ref 11 and 12). There are three climatic zones: Polissya (marshy woodland) in the north of the country with the border of Belarus, and northwest of the country and covers around 11 million hectares of lowlands. The soils tend to have a low humus content, low natural fertility, high acidity, and a short growing season compared to other parts of the country.
In polissya, the soils tend to be sandy in nature, resulting in nutrient efficiency issues with high rainfall. However, this area includes regions of high cereal and industrial crop (oilseed) production. To the south lies the forest steppe zone in the central part of the country. It is comprised of mostly flat land without woodlands. The famous chernozem soils are found in this zone. Chernozem is the black-coloured soil that contains a high percentage of humus (three to five percent) and constitutes around 41 percent of Ukraine’s total area and 54 percent of arable land (National Investment Council of Ukraine, 2018). There are two chernozem belts – northeast Ukraine to Russia and the other in the Canadian prairies.
Here there are warm summers, cold winters and lower precipitation, leading to a risk of frost and snow mould, which can be the cause of crop failures (Ref 10). The third zone, the steppe zone, lies in the far south of the country and in the east. This is the dominant zone for crop production, including winter wheat, sugar beet and sunflower. Temperatures are highest in the south, increasing the risk of drought, but the warmth permits the growing of fruits such as peaches in the Odessa region, for example. Odessa is also the major grape growing region of Ukraine. Although there are several large rivers in Ukraine, the most notable is the Dnieper River. The fourth longest in Europe, only the Volga, Danube and Ural are longer. It drains into the Black Sea, with several major ports on the way, such as Kherson. ●
Main data set Plant growing in Ukraine 2020 – State Statistics Service of Ukraine, Kyiv 2021 With additional sets from Ukrstat.org - State Statistics Service of Ukraine
Ref 1 Agricultural sector of Ukraine – securing the global food supply National Investment Council of Ukraine, 2018
Ref 2 Awex Export - Ukraine Agrofood market research, includes references to AEQUO (Ukraine based law firm with agribusiness expertise), Bakertilly, Crédit Agricole
Ref 3 – not directly referred to, but used as background. Irrigation and drainage strategy of Ukraine Prepared jointly by team from the World Bank, FAO, and the Institute for Water Problems and Land Reclamation of the Ukrainian Academy of Agrarian Science, in collaboration with the Coordination Committee established under the Cabinet of Ministers, December 2017
Ref 4 USDA Foreign Agricultural Service (FAS) GAIN report Number: UP1910, 3/13/2019 Ukraine – annual sugar report
Ref 5 OSW: Centre for Eastern Studies, Poland, Number 127, 2014 The transformation of agriculture in Ukraine: From collective farms to agroholdings Arkadiusz Sarna
Ref 6 Eurostat – Ukraine trade data ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/ Ukraine-EU
Ref 7 agriculture.com/markets/newswire/ukraine-restores-20-vat-for-some-agricultural-commodities
Ref 8 Ukrainian Agri Business Infographic report 2019/2020 Bakertilly, Crédit Agricole, Latifundist.com
Ref 9 Prospects for Ukraine’s agrifood sector – implications for Dutch Trade Relations Wageningen UR: Irina Bezlepkina, Siemen van Berkum, Marie-Luise Rau, LEI report 2013-045 June 2013, Project code 2271000329 LEI, part of Wageningen UR, The Hague
Ref 10 Farming and rural development in Ukraine: making dualization work Keyzer, Michiel Centre for World Food Studies Merbis, Max VU University, Amsterdam, Witt, Rudolf VU University, Amsterdam Heyets Valeriy / Borodina, Olena / Propkopa, Ihor - Institute for Economics and Forecasting National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv. December 2012
Ref 11 World data center/Ukraine for geoinformatics and sustainable development wdc.org.ua
Ref 12 en.climate-data.org/europe/ukraine-231/
Ref 13 Review of Agricultural Investment Policies of Ukraine OECD, December 2015
Ref 14 Restructuring of the Sugar Sector in Ukraine Oleg Nivievskyi Kyiv School of Economics June 2009
Ref 15 Rebuilding Ukraine: An Assessment of EU Assistance Kataryna Wolczuk and Darius Žeruolis Ukraine Forum August 2018 The Royal Institute of International Affairs Chatham House, UK
Ref 16 The Struggle over VAT Refunds for Grain Exports Institute for economic research and policy consulting in Ukraine - German advisory group on economic reform Oleg Nivievskyi – Kyiv School of Economics A.K., O.N., Lector S.v.C., April 2004
Ref 17 VAT in Agriculture: Ukrainian experience and international evidence Oleksandra Betliy Agricultural Policy Report APD/APR/07/2014 German-Ukrainian Agricultural Policy Dialogue
Ref 18 Advantages of Using the Biofertilizers in Ukrainian Agroecosystems Hasrat Arjjumend (1,2) Konstantia Koutouki1 (1) Olga Donets (3) Eurasian Journal of Agricultural Research 2020; Vol: 4, Issue: 2, pp: 92-123 1 Faculty of Law, Université de Montréal, Montreal (Quebec) H3T 1J7, Canada 2 Centre for International Sustainable Development Law, Montreal (Quebec) H3A 1X1, Canada 3 Department of Environmental Law, Yaroslav Mudryi National Law University, Ukraine
Ref 19 www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/ukrainealert/ukraines-booming-it-sector-can-drive-positive-change/
Ref 20 Market potential and investment opportunities of high-tech greenhouse vegetable production in the USA: An exploratory study for Midwest and East Coast regions and the state of California Marc Ruijs, Jan Benninga Embassy in Washington, Dutch Consulate in Chicago, Netherlands Enterprise Agency and NL Works. Wageningen Economic Research Wageningen, July 2020
Ref 21 Policy Paper Series [PP/04/2016] DCFTA implementation in Ukraine: Progress achieved and challenges ahead Veronika Movchan, Ricardo G
Sunflowers ready to harvest, Ukraine
Carpathian mountains covered with the first snow in Ukraine near the village of Pylypets
Kyiv, Ukraine
